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breaths (mouth-to-mouth) to provide artificial
respiration, then resume compressions.
CPR should not be interrupted for longer than
five seconds. CPR is not easy, and it would be
between the heart and the wound that lies
difficult to perform properly after only reading
closest to the wound. There is a particular need
about it. Instructions here are only meant to
to know the brachial and femoral artery pressure
renew what has already been learned.
points because of the frequency of injury to
arms and legs. The purpose of using a pressure
CPR should be learned under competent
point is to press the artery between the fingers
supervision with hands-on experience gained in
of the first aider and the victim's bone, thus
the learning. Take a class on CPR!! The life of
slowing the flow of blood to the injured area.
a loved one may depend on it.
When the pressure point is being effectively
applied the first aider can almost always feel the
Bleeding
pulse.
Extensive bleeding can cause death if not
Nose Bleeds can usually be treated effectively
stopped promptly. External bleeding can be
by having the victim sit upright in a comfortable
stopped by direct pressure when applied at an
position and then squeezing the nostrils
appropriate location on the supplying artery, or
together. The pressure should be applied
as a drastic last effort to save a life, by use of a
equally to both sides of the nose and should be
tourniquet.
hard enough to stop bleeding out of the nostrils
or down the back of the throat. Continue the
Direct pressure is the first step in controlling
pressure for ten to fifteen minutes.
bleeding, and is applied by pressing a sanitary
dressing directly to the wound. If there is no
A tourniquet should be used only in extreme
dressing available, use the bare hand. If blood
cases when direct pressure and pressure on the
soaks through a dressing do not remove it; add
appropriate pressure point have failed to stop
29
First Aid
the bleeding and the victim's life is in danger, or (burn, fractures, bleeding, etc.). Maintain normal
in the case of traumatic amputation. The use of body temperature. Most shock victims begin to
a tourniquet will very likely result in the loss of lose body temperature so they will need to be
the limb to which it is applied. Once a covered with a blanket or other warming
tourniquet has been applied it should not be material. However, occasionally a shock victim's
removed or loosened until done by a physician. body temperature may rise, in which case you
will need to lower it.
If you do not have a specially designed
tourniquet you can make one with any soft, If no head injuries are present elevate the
strong, pliable material such as cloth or gauze. victim's legs. Call for emergency help.
The band of material should be about two
Mild fluids may be given if medical assistance is
inches wide or wide enough so that it will remain
not readily available, as may be the case in an
at least one inch wide after it tightened. A stick
extended emergency. A saline solution made by
or other rigid material is needed to tighten the
mixing one teaspoon of salt and one-half
tourniquet. Place the band around the limb
teaspoon of baking soda in a quart of lukewarm
slightly above the wound (two to four inches).
water may be used, having the victim drink one
Tie a knot in the band, leaving it loose enough
half glass every 15 minutes. If Abdominal
to put a stick into it. Insert the stick under the
injuries are present, do not give fluids. If there is
band and twist until just sufficient pressure to
any question of the victim losing consciousness,
stop the bleeding is applied. Secure the end of
do not give fluid because the victim may
the stick to the victim so that it will not come
regurgitate and aspirate the vomitus. The
loose. Record the time the tourniquet was
symptoms of shock are:
applied and seek medical assistance
" Pale, cold, clammy skin.
immediately. Again, never use a tourniquet
unless life is threatened ! Always treat a
" Weak, rapid pulse.
victim of severe bleeding for shock.
" Shallow breathing.
1. Apply direct pressure on the wound.
2. Elevate the wounded area if an arm or leg is
" General body weakness.
bleeding.
3. Apply pressure on the supplying artery of
Always treat a victim for shock by:
the arm or leg if steps 1 and 2 do not stop
" Laying the victim down and elevating
the bleeding.
feet slightly higher than the head.
4. Only as a last resort of life saving measure
apply a tourniquet to stop bleeding. Once
" Wrapping with a blanket to avoid
applied, a tourniquet must not be loosened
chilling, or cooling if the victim develops
except by a physician.
a fever.
" Raising the head and shoulders if the
Shock
victim has difficulty in breathing.
In any first aid emergency treat for shock!
" If medical help will not be available
Shock may be immediate or delayed and is a
within 30 minutes, give a lukewarm
life threatening illness that can be caused by
solution of salt and baking soda every
almost any traumatic injury.
15 minutes.
Injuries involving large fluid loss such as
Never give fluids if victim is nauseated,
bleeding and burns are especially prone to
unconscious, has a penetrating abdominal
cause shock. Shock is a depression of the
wound, or requires surgery.
action of the nervous system and its control
over body functions such as circulation and
Poisoning
respiration and is characterized by weakness,
rapid and weak pulse, paleness, and cool
No one wants to see someone poisoned, but it
perspiration on the victim. The pupils of the
still happens over a million times a year. As a
eyes may be dilated and at the extreme the
result, you should be very concerned about
victim may also become incoherent.
possible poisoning in your home, especially
Reassure and comfort the victim and have
accidental poisoning of small children.
him/her lie down. Treat the causes of the shock
30
First Aid
Suspect a poisoning when somebody suddenly Have syrup of Ipecac available in your first aid [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

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